What was beneath the feet of a 14th-centure LONDONER?
First ingredient，is soaking wet mud.With few pavements or solid road surfaces.
Ingredient number two,animal dung.
Any part of a carcass not worth eating would have been dumped in the road.
Old rotting fish
Beer,Urine...
patten 一种夯土的套鞋
当时中国修路大概使用 糯米和小孩的屎掺杂在黄土里，事后用糖果引一群小孩成天在上面玩耍，以夯实地面。例如颐和园某块场地就是这么铺成的。
The infrastructure isn't there. The history of cleanliness is a bit like a small child who's going to go to the loo,they don't mention anything until they're absolutely desperate.
不到无法容忍的地步绝不理卫生状况...
(Ebbgate Lane)
Assize od Nuisance (《麻烦事法令》)
英法都有数量惊人的民众抱怨记录，这不仅仅是抱怨记录，也是改革史revolutionary
NIMBY-ism （强烈反对在自己住处附近设立任何危险性事物）
3 new professions，14th
1 muck rakers （拾荒者）
2 bin man （垃圾箱清理工）
3 gong-farmers （掏粪工）
（six tons of human and animal waste in one night）
14th century England was a pretty dangerous place ，the average life expectancy was 35.
29th of March 1349，just five mounths into the plague epidemic
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street of 18th-century PARIS
he Palace of Versailes
Over 2000 people lived and worked in the palace,and with few toilets and hundreds of visitors every day,is's claimed that people had to relive themselves almost anywhere.
Marie Antoinette was infamous for spending hours at a time in the bath,In fact,she used to have her lunch in thr bath.In such a filthy,dirty age,this was considered strange behavious。
dredging the Seine，which at the moument is nothing but a sewer.
They believed the king would act in their interestings and alleviate the filth and degradation piled upon them,but after all this effort,when the complaints were read at the Palace of Versailles in May 1789,it was a total sham.The scale of the problems were so vast that the king,with little money or inclination to take on this challenge,changed nothing.
国家榨取税收，却没钱改善环境，于是造反必不可免。
(提到法国，好像什么话题都会提到大革命。不过这是一个十分重要的方面。）
滥用断头台guillotine的后果是尸体太多
Piled of decapitated bodies and severed head made for an unberably grisly city
smallpox bbc化妆师野心真是不小，居然想试试专家的眼力。18世纪的法国天花是十分流行的，狄更斯《bleak house》中的女主角summerson也感染过这种可怕的毁容病。
拿破仑为巴黎的环境改善做了不少好事，他的侄子Louis Napoleon又在1850年扩建下水道，比原先扩大了20倍。
Over 600 kiometres of tunnels were built，funnelling all the waste water away from the city。巴黎的下水道是闻名的，雨果小说里很多追逐场景都发生在错综复杂的下水道中。---下水道是城市的良心。
Tarmac柏油路 A Scottish invention but used here in Paris for the first time。
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NEW YORK
1906 The Croton Aqueduct
dammed the Croton River，north of New York
chinatown and little italy
其中一个平民窟让人印象深刻，两扇门面对面处在一个成夹角的走廊末端，这个夹角估计只有30度。人要侧着身体走进去。那种“机智”的手段在当今中国房地产开发商也是不多见的。
humans fight a never-ending battle against our own waste
