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——Backbench (backbenchers)后座议员——
Backbenchers are MPs or members of the House of Lords that are neither government ministers nor opposition Shadow spokespeople. They are so called because, in the Chamber, they sit in the rows of benches behind their parties' spokespeople who are known as frontbenchers.
[img=2:C]House of Commons[/img]
Traditionally, backbenchers were called 'private members'; when a bill is introduced by a backbencher it is still described as a Private Member's Bill.
How effective are Backbenchers in the House of Commons?
While backbenchers are having more of an influence in recent years, they are rarely effective at forming a resistance to the power of the executive, and thus they are really limited in their effectiveness in shaping world events.
From 2010 to March 2015, the government has only been defeated 7 times in the Commons. However the few defeats are often significant- for example the 2013 Syrian civil war motion was defeated by 30 Tory rebel MPS and this in turn stopped the US going to war- seriously affecting global geopolitics in the Middle East.
——By-elections 补选——
A UK Parliamentary by-election takes place when a seat in the House of Commons becomes vacant between general elections. 一种非常规选举，只在议会内有遗缺时进行，以补回空缺议席的余下任期。选新议员期间，其选区事务由相邻选区同一党派的议员代理。（有遗缺原因：有议员辞职/破产/患精神疾病/严重刑事犯罪/死亡）
'Moving the Writ'
Traditionally the Chief Whip of the political party whose MP held the vacant seat will begin the procedure for a by-election. This is known as 'moving the Writ' and takes the form of a motion in the House of Commons.
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——marginal constituency 边缘选区——
也叫marginal seat/swing seat: a constituency held with a small majority in a legislative election. 各党(或者竞争的主要两党)得票很接近的选区，因此竞争激烈，竞选活动主要开展在这里。美国相对应的概念是摇摆州（Swing state，也称游离州、战场州或紫州）。非摇摆州也称安全州(safe state)，因为某候选人已有足够支持，可以安全赢得该州选票。
Targeting: the concentration of money and manpower in areas where they will make the most difference. 目标竞选：把资金和人力集中在最可能有所作为的地区。
Pork barreling：The creation of policy that will benefit a particular seat, at the expense of other taxpayers. 政治分肥大多采取直接对某地区或某企业拨款的方法，是争取边缘选区的策略之一。pork barrel一词来源于美国，是攻击竞选对手用的贬义词，在英国叫sweetener, 或election sweetener, tax sweetener. Yes, Minister里有提到过。
资料来源：
[url=http://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/backbenches/]Parliament glossary-Backbench (backbenchers)[/url]
[url=http://alevelpolitics.com/how-effective-are-backbenchers-in-the-house-of-commons/]How effective are Backbenchers in the House of Commons[/url]
[url=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E9%81%B8]补选-维基百科[/url]
[url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/by-elections/]Parliament glossary-By-elections[/url]
[url=http://lea-english-nihongo.ek.la/topic-6-parliament-a63932085]上议院和下议院[/url]
[url=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%90%96%E6%93%BA%E5%B7%9E]摇摆州-维基百科[/url]
[url=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%88%86%E8%82%A5]政治分肥-维基百科[/url]
[url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_seat]Marginal seat-wiki[/url]
第7集
