说好的亨利四世，其实是在讲亨利五世的成长
但要是给我全程看抖森也就算了，偏偏百分之八十的篇幅给我讲内个 fat fuck Falstaff
来来去去就是嫖贪吃喝战场逃跑，烦不烦
原本以为是莎士比亚为了剧场收益强加的喜剧戏，还真的是！
Set in bars, castles, and battlefields, Shakespeare’s Henry IV is presents a peculiar version of chivalry. Upon first inspection, this play reads as a boy’s tale of mischief, kingly growth, and knightly success. Shakespeare, however, proves too elusive a dramatist to offer so simple a play. Although a history, Shakespeare also has saturated the work with qualities of another genre: the Comedy. In this play, readers see the comedic in both plot and character. In regard to plot, Shakespeare employs a block comedic in both senses of the word on a very strange case of unrequited love: King Henry’s affection for Hotspur. Fittingly, Shakespeare also removes that block—which makes the play comedic, not tragic—in an equally unconventional way. In Hal’s slaying of Hotspur, Hal replaces King Henry’s desire as Hal emerges as a deserving successor. Numerous comedic foils and aids interact with this block; however, one character in particular, Falstaff, is bound exceptionally tightly to this play’s comedic tone. The unofficial jester of King Henry’s court, Falstaff serves as this play’s emblem of comedy. Falstaff not only offers a comedic disposition but also drives the play’s larger comedic plot by aiding in Hal’s development as a successor. Henry IV, although a history, is irrevocably tied to the comedic both in jest and in structure. 摘自 Michael Miller 论文
嘿！我怎么不觉得高兴？？？我宁愿看一家子要死要活哭哭唧唧两小时哦！
虽说是强加，Falstaff 居然是有原型的。原型叫 John Oldcastle，是个骑士：
Oldcastle is first mentioned in two separate documents in 1400, first as a plaintiff in a suit regarding the advowson of Almeley church, and again as serving as a knight under Lord Grey of Codnor in a military expedition to Scotland.[1] In the next few years Oldcastle held notable positions in the Welsh campaigns of King Henry IV of England against Owain Glyndŵr, including captaincy first over Builth Castle in Brecknockshire and then over Kidwelly.[2]
Oldcastle represented Herefordshire as a "knight of the shire" in the parliament of 1404, later serving as a justice of the peace, and was High Sheriff of Herefordshire in 1406–07.[2] 摘自维基百科
人家也的的确确是亨利五世登基前的朋友，还跟着他去法兰西打过勃艮第人：
At some point in his military career Oldcastle became a trusted supporter of Henry, Prince of Wales, later to become King Henry V, who regarded Sir John as "one of his most trustworthy soldiers".[4] Oldcastle was a member of the expedition which the young Henry sent to France in 1411 in a successful campaign to assist the Burgundians in the Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War.[4] 摘自维基百科
后来 Oldcastle 怎么倒台的呢，没说他吃喝嫖赌，是因为信了异端罗拉德派（Lollardy）。
罗拉德派使用英译圣经[2]，认为圣经至上[3]。在圣餐的问题上，主张圣体共在论，反对圣餐变体论。[4][5] 他们认为要得到救赎，洗礼和告解都不是必须的。认为祷告、斋戒都没有任何圣经上的依据。反对偶像崇拜與教皇的赦免[2]。约翰·佛克塞将罗拉德派的信仰总结为四条：反聖徒崇拜、反朝圣、反圣餐变体论、要求使用英文圣经。摘自维基百科
这他妈为什么这么眼熟这不是新教吗？怎么说，就是宗教改革前兆，天主教眼中的异端，晚来一百年没准就被亨利八世扶正了。历史上的罗拉德派也是后来宗教改革期间清教徒的来源之一：
Lollards were effectively absorbed into Protestantism during the English Reformation, in which Lollardy played a role. Since Lollards had been underground for more than a hundred years, the extent of Lollardy and its ideas at the time of the Reformation is uncertain and a point of debate. 摘自维基百科
可惜 Oldcastle 信得太早，当时异端可是要被火烧死的哦：
Lollardy had many supporters in Herefordshire, and Oldcastle himself had adopted Lollard doctrines before 1410, when the churches on his wife's estates in Kent were laid under interdict for unlicensed preaching. In the convocation which met in March 1413, shortly before the death of Henry IV, Oldcastle was at once accused of heresy. 摘自维基百科
被指控作异端还没被抓，全靠他跟亨利五世关系铁。直到他的异端语录被发现——可铁证如山了五世还想着保他，足见真情。谁知他不识好歹说宁愿把财产全部上缴都不愿意放弃异端信仰：
But his friendship with the new King Henry V prevented any decisive action until convincing evidence was found in one of Oldcastle's books, which was discovered in a shop in Paternoster Row, London. The matter was brought before the King, who desired that nothing should be done until he had tried his personal influence. Oldcastle declared his readiness to submit to the king "all his fortune in this world" but was firm in his religious beliefs. 摘自维基百科
这么刚烈的事剧里的 Falstaff 可做不出来。不仅如此，被关进伦敦塔大牢的他还越狱了，历史上的他必须身手不凡，至少不是死胖子。越狱后起义，并尝试绑架他的好基友亨利五世（？？？五世对你这么好你这样子良心过得去吗？？？），终于被斩。
John Oldcastle, a close friend of Henry V of England and the basis for Falstaff in the Shakespearean history Henry IV, Part 1, was brought to trial in 1413 after evidence of his Lollard beliefs was uncovered. Oldcastle escaped from the Tower of London and organized an insurrection, which included an attempted kidnapping of the king. The rebellion failed, and Oldcastle was executed. 摘自维基百科
莎士比亚原来用的就是他的真名，后来被 Oldcastle 的7或8或9世孙 Cobham 十世男爵强烈反对而改名。
Shakespeare originally named Falstaff "John Oldcastle". Lord Cobham, a descendant of the historical John Oldcastle, complained, forcing Shakespeare to change the name. 摘自维基百科
是 Oldcastle 的后代为什么姓氏却不一样呢？原来 Oldcastle 虽然出身不明，但娶了三世 Cobham 男爵的女儿白富美，走上了人生巅峰。连后来进朝廷都是冠妻姓：
In 1408 he married Joan, the heiress of Cobham — his third marriage, and her fourth.[2] This resulted in a significant improvement of his fortune and status, as the Cobhams were "one of the most notable families of Kent".[3] The marriage brought Oldcastle a number of manors in Kent, Norfolk, Northamptonshire and Wiltshire, as well as Cooling Castle, and from 1409 until his accusation in 1413 he was summoned to parliament as Lord Cobham.[3] 摘自维基百科
好了，那 Falstaff 这个名字哪来的呢：
The new name "Falstaff" probably derived from the medieval knight Sir John Fastolf (who may also have been a Lollard). The historical John Fastolf fought at the Battle of Patay against Joan of Arc, which the English lost. Fastolf's previous actions as a soldier had earned him wide respect, but he seems to have become a scapegoat after the debacle. He was among the few English military leaders to avoid death or capture during the battle, and although there is no evidence that he acted with cowardice, he was temporarily stripped of his knighthood. 摘自维基百科
Falstaff 还在法国跟圣女贞德打过仗。早年英勇善战，后来战场落跑，被夺去其实头衔。跟 Oldcastle 唯一的相似点是，Falstaff 貌似也是个异教徒。于是 Falstaff 的名号，Oldcastle 跟亨利五世的友谊，以及Falstaff 的逃跑事迹就被两百年后的莎翁拿去写剧本了。
瞎几把总结：莎士比亚为票房不择手段，挂羊头卖狗肉，抹黑骁勇善战的宗教改革先驱，在剧本中强加尬笑喜剧戏。
And that's how I wasted my Saturday afternoon on wikipedia.
HD
