whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must remain silent.
he’s trying to define for us the limits of language, and what it is to have communication, one with another. linguistic, mathematical, ethical, logistic, and religious problems. but there are no genuine philosophical problems.
the limits of my language are the the limits of my world, we are keeping running against the walls of our cage.
语言的边界是世界的边界，我们不过是在这个囚室四处碰壁罢了。
“哲学不过是，由于语言的误解产生的副产品而已”。
维特根斯坦的以上论断起源为，“哲学是对概念的考察”，
他从《逻辑哲学论》到《哲学研究》的转变在于他明白了“语言并不是诉诸图像的”，从前他认为：
To imagine a language is to imagine a form of life.
语言的图像是生活的形式的图像。
It's what we do and who we are that gives meaning to our words.
是我们的所为以及我们的所是， 赋予语言以意义
狮子、老虎、手提包这些语言确实能是一类图像，但其他语义模糊的词呢？像经验、体验、感觉、美这样的词呢？能被赋予图像吗？
What I meant was that I tried to show the sort of things that philosophy could say,
我本想清楚地展示一些哲学上能够说的东西
and these aren't really important.
但是能说清楚的却不重要
What's much more important is all the things it can't articulate.
而不能明确表达的东西反而更重要
之前我用笛卡尔的观点“我思故我在”，推导出“你不能怀疑那个正在怀疑的你自己”，我想了想是不正确的。用维特根斯坦的话解释，“怀疑一切的怀疑已经不算是怀疑了”，因为，什么是“怀疑”？你知道你在“怀疑”吗？
Well, for many years at the centre of philosophy
经过这么多年的研究 到达的哲学的核心是
was a picture of the lonely human soul brooding over its private experiences.
是一个徘徊于私人经验的孤独的人的灵魂的图式
Yeah, everyone knows that.
这是众所周知的事实
This soul is a prisoner of his own body,
这个灵魂是肉体的俘虏
and he's locked out from contact with others by the walls of their bodies.
肉体这个墙壁阻止了 他与其他人的交流
And the meaning of the word is just the way it's used in a particular language game.
所谓语言的意义 只不过是在特定的语言游戏中语言的使用方法
And what do you now believe the task of philosophy to be?
那么 在这方面哲学有什么作用呢？
Philosophical puzzles arise because we tend to mix up one language game with another.
哲学的问题是把多个语言游戏混同起来而产生的
For example, people puzzle over the nature of something they call the "soul".
比如说，人对于灵魂本质的困扰
But this may just be because they're thinking of the soul along the lines of a physical object.
那是因为把灵魂 作为一个物体来看待
They're confusing one way of talking with another.
把一种说话的方式， 和其它说话方式混同起来了
The job of philosophy is to sort out these language games?
哲学的任务是要区别这些语言游戏吗？
Exactly. They're all perfectly in order as they are.
正是如此 语言游戏在他们自身的分类中始终是完美的。
Philosophy in no sense can question them.
哲学并没有否定
Philosophy leaves everything exactly as it is.
只是承认所有的事物都是原来的样子
we learn to use words, because we belong to a culture.
人们学习语言 是因为它属于文化范畴
A form of life. A practical way of doing things.
文化就是一种生活形式 一种行为方式
In the end, we speak as we do, because of what we do.
也就是说，说话方式 是自己行为方式的一种反映
And all this is a properly public affair.
这无疑是公共的东西啊
<i>Philosophers in the tradition of Descartes</i>
笛卡儿的后继者们
start from the lonely self, brooding over its private sensations.
从自己的存在开始，对于个人的感觉一直烦恼着
I want to overturn this centuries-old model.
我想推翻那个数百年以来的古老的模型。
<i>I want to start from our culture,</i>
我想从我们的文化开始
<i>our shared practical life together,</i>
从我们共有的生活实践开始
and look at what we think and feel,
并且观察我们的想法和感觉
and say it in these public terms.
用公共的语言表现出来
最后这段话是最好的！哭哭
Let me tell you a little story
有这样一个故事
There was once a young man who dreamed of reducing the world to pure logic
有一个年轻人 想把全世界都总结在一个理论里
Because he was a very clever young man, he actually managed to do it.
头脑非常聪明的他 终于实现了这个梦想
When he'd finished his work, he stood back and admired it.
走一步就看到了自己的成果了
It was beautiful
真是非常漂亮
A world purged of imperfection and indeterminacy
没有不完美不正确的世界
Countless acres of gleaming ice stretching to the horizon
延续到地平线的 闪闪发光的覆盖薄冰的原野
So the clever young man looked around the world he'd created and decided to explore it
年轻人决定要探究自己的世界
He took one step forward and fell flat on his back.
刚刚迈出步子的他 就向后仰倒在了地上
You see, he'd forgotten about friction.
忘记了冰是纯洁无暇的 没有任何的污点
The ice was smooth and level and stainless.
也没有摩擦
But you couldn't walk there.
所以无法行走
So the clever young man sat down and wept bitter tears.
年轻人坐在那里 哭了起来
But as he grew into a wise old man,
但是随着年龄的增长 他渐渐明白了
he came to understand that roughness and ambiguity aren't imperfections,
粗糙并不是缺点
they're what make the world turn.
正是粗糙使这个世界活动起来
He wanted to run and dance.
他想跑起来，他想跳舞
And the words and things scattered upon the ground
散布在地面上的语言和事物
were all battered and tarnished and ambiguous.
是变形了的、污秽的、模棱两可的
The wise old man saw that that was the way things were.
聪明的老人，领悟到这是理所当然的
But something in him was still homesick for the ice,
但是他的心中 某处还是迷恋着冰原
where everything was radiant and absolute and relentless.
在那里 一切都是辉煌纯粹的
Though he had come to like the idea of the rough ground,
虽然他渐渐地喜欢上了粗糙的地面的观点，
he couldn't bring himself to live there.
但是他却住不了
So now he was marooned between earth and ice, at home in neither.
于是，他就徘徊在地面和冰原之间，在哪一边都住得不安稳
And this was the cause of all his grief.
这就是他悲哀的根源
HD中字
